What does a PhD pay? Data reveal huge gaps across Europe
Denmark and other Scandinavian countries are seen as top destinations for PhD candidates from other European nations.Credit: Bumble Dee/Shutterstock How much do PhD students earn? The first comprehensive overview of PhD income shows vast imbalances across much of Europe1. The report, which investigated the earnings of first-year doctoral candidates in 2024–25 across 26 countries, was…